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Procurement glossary

What is Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)?

The comprehensive assessment of all direct and indirect costs associated with purchasing, operating, and disposing of a product or service.

Definition

Total Cost of Ownership is the full cost of a purchase across its life - acquisition price plus logistics, duties, financing, installation, energy, maintenance, spares, downtime risk and disposal - rather than the invoice price alone.

How it works in practice

Two pumps quote within 3% of each other on price. One consumes materially more energy and has a longer spares lead time. Costed across five years, the cheaper invoice is the more expensive asset, and the ranking on price reverses.

Why it matters

TCO is the right award basis in most categories, and it frequently changes who wins. The practical difficulty is not the concept but consistency: organisations differ widely in which cost components they include, which is often exactly where an inferior bid on price alone slips through.

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